The tomb of Pakal the Great, also known as the Temple of the Inscriptions, is one of the most significant archaeological discoveries of the Maya civilization. Located in the ancient city of Palenque, in present-day Mexico, the tomb was discovered in 1952 by Mexican archaeologist Alberto Ruz Lhuillier.

The tomb of Pakal, who ruled Palenque from 615 to 683 AD, is renowned for its intricate carvings and decorations, which depict various scenes from Maya mythology and cosmology. One of the most striking features of the tomb is a large sarcophagus lid, which shows Pakal in a reclining position, surrounded by various celestial symbols and figures.

According to Maya cosmology, the universe was divided into three levels: the underworld, the earthly realm, and the heavens. The heavens were further divided into thirteen layers, each of which was associated with a different deity and had its own set of astronomical and astrological symbols.

The carvings on Pakal's sarcophagus lid depict the ruler's journey through the underworld and his eventual ascension to the heavens. The central figure on the lid is Pakal himself, who is shown with a headdress that represents the Milky Way. Surrounding Pakal are various celestial symbols, including a large bird that represents the sun, a serpent that represents the underworld, and a jaguar that represents the night sky.

The carvings on the lid also contain numerous references to the Maya calendar, which was based on a complex system of interlocking cycles. The calendar was used to track the movements of the sun, moon, and planets, as well as to predict the future and determine auspicious dates for important events.

Overall, the tomb of Pakal the Great is a testament to the sophistication and complexity of Maya cosmology and astronomy. The carvings and decorations provide a window into the beliefs and practices of this ancient civilization, and continue to fascinate and inspire scholars and visitors alike.