Unraveling Genetic Continuity in a Cradle of Civilization
The Central Plain of China has long been recognized as a vital center of early agricultural and cultural development. Over 20 Chinese dynasties established their capitals in this region, cementing its role as a historical and political powerhouse. However, despite its significance in shaping Chinese civilization, the genetic history of its ancient populations has remained largely unexplored—until now.
A recent study conducted by researchers from Xiamen University, Zhengzhou University, and the Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology of Sanmenxia has shed new light on the region’s genetic continuity. By analyzing 30 newly sequenced ancient genomes from Lusixi archaeological sites in Sanmenxia, spanning the past 3,000 years, the research team provides groundbreaking insights into the region’s demographic history.
Stable Genetics Amidst Political Turmoil
Unlike the demographic upheavals observed in ancient Europe, the Central Plain has maintained a remarkable level of genetic stability since the Late Neolithic period. Despite centuries of political turbulence—including regime changes, internal conflicts, and the rule of non-Han administrations—the genetic makeup of the local population has remained largely unchanged.
The study combined newly sequenced genomes with previously published ancient and modern genetic data from the Central Plain. Findings indicate that populations from the Western Zhou to the Tang Dynasty were direct descendants of local Late Neolithic peoples. These groups were primarily a mix of Middle Neolithic Central Plain inhabitants and Southern Chinese populations, maintaining consistent genetic proportions over millennia.
A Rare Genetic Outlier from the Ming-Qing Era
One exception to this long-standing genetic continuity was identified in an individual dating back to the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Unlike previous populations, this person exhibited a strong genetic affinity with Southern Chinese groups, suggesting a unique ancestry not observed in earlier or later residents of the Central Plain.
Historical records note large-scale migrations from the Central Plain to Southern China, but instances of movement in the opposite direction were rare. One notable exception was the Qing Dynasty’s relocation of civilians and military personnel from Fujian to the Central Plain for land reclamation—an effort referred to as “Minying” (闽营). However, given the absence of widespread Southern Chinese genetic influence in other Ming and Qing remains, researchers conclude that this individual was likely an outlier rather than representative of the broader population.
Expanding Our Understanding of Central Plain Demographics
According to Professor Chuan-Chao Wang of Xiamen University, a corresponding author of the study, these findings deepen our comprehension of the long-term genetic trends in the Central Plain. The study highlights how, despite the region’s dynamic political history, its genetic heritage has remained surprisingly stable over thousands of years.
By leveraging ancient DNA, researchers continue to unlock new dimensions of China’s historical and genetic past, offering a more nuanced perspective on how populations evolved in one of the world’s most historically significant regions.
