Egyptologists have unearthed a 2,500-year-old astronomical observatory within the ancient Temple of Buto, located in modern-day Tell el-Faraeen, Egypt. This nearly 9,150-square-foot structure, dating back to the sixth century BCE, is the first and largest observatory of its kind from that period. According to an August 23 announcement by Egypt’s Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities, the mud-brick complex housed a variety of tools that, despite their simplicity, enabled precise solar and celestial measurements essential for religious rites, royal ceremonies, and agricultural planning.
The observatory is part of the expansive Temple of Buto, named after the Greek version of the Egyptian goddess Wadjet, situated approximately 50 miles east of Alexandria. The complex was strategically built in the temple’s southeastern sector, featuring an east-facing entrance to capture the sunrise, an L-shaped central hall supported by columns, and a high, inward-sloping mud-brick wall reminiscent of traditional Egyptian temple architecture.
Relics included a giant sundial and artwork depicting astronomical scenes. Credit: Egyptian Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities
Among the most remarkable discoveries is a sloping shadow clock, a type of sundial commonly used in ancient times. This nearly 16-foot limestone slab is topped with five blocks—two horizontal and three vertical—believed to have originally been engraved with angled lines for measuring sun and shadow inclinations throughout the day. Another key find includes a set of three stone blocks embedded in a circular hallway, which researchers suggest were used by Egyptian astronomers and priests to gauge the sun’s angle.
In addition to these tools, the observatory housed numerous artifacts, including statues of Egyptian gods like Osiris, Nemes, and Bes. The facility’s walls are adorned with artwork depicting various deities and astronomical scenes, illustrating the importance of solar events in the society’s religious and agricultural practices.
The observatory was constructed during a volatile period in ancient Egyptian history. Credit: Egyptian Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities
The construction of this observatory occurred during a turbulent period in Egyptian history, marked by foreign invasions and the waning power of the pharaohs, adding historical significance to the find. The discovery offers invaluable insights into the advanced astronomical knowledge and practices of ancient Egyptian civilization during a time of significant political and social change.
