Astonished scientists have discovered a previously unknown species of ant after scanning a 20-million-year-old block of amber.
Image shows the extinct ant in the Hereon measuring station at DESY's X-ray light source PETRA III in an undated photo. A German research team from the University of Jena discovered a previously unknown extinct ant in 20 million-year-old amber.ZENGER/HAMMEL, LAUSTROER
Researchers from Germany, France, and Poland made the remarkable find after using micro-computed tomography to scan a block of amber from Africa dating to the early Miocene period. The remarkably preserved specimen they found is not only a new species but also a new genus and has since been assigned to the Ponerinae subfamily.
There are about 1,600 species of Ponerinae in 47 extant genera. These include Dinoponera gigantea, one of the world's largest species of ant. The findings have been published in the journal Insects.
In a statement obtained by Zenger News on September 1, the University of Jena, Germany, said: "An international team of scientists has discovered a previously unknown extinct ant species encased in a unique piece of amber from Africa.
"Using the X-ray light source PETRA III at the German Electron Synchrotron (DESY) in Hamburg, the researchers, from Friedrich Schiller University Jena, the University of Rennes in France, the University of Gdansk in Poland, as well as the Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon in Geesthacht, Germany, had examined the critical fossil remains from 13 individual animals in the amber and realized that they could not be attributed to any previously known species.
"The name given to the new species and genus is Desyopone hereon gen. et sp. nov. In this way, the scientists are honoring the two research institutions involved–DESY and Hereon–which contributed significantly to this finding with the help of modern imaging techniques.
"Ultimately, it was only possible to identify the new species and genus through the combination of extensive phenotype data from scans and recent findings from genome analyses of living ants. The team reports on its discovery in the research journal Insects.
"Initial anatomical comparisons led the scientists to hypothesize that the animals were a species of Aneuretinae, an almost extinct subfamily of ants known so far only through fossils and through a single living species from Sri Lanka. But they revised this identification thanks to the high-resolution images obtained by synchrotron micro-computed tomography."
Image shows a magnified (about 100,000-fold) representation of the extinct ant in a glass block in the Hereon measuring station at DESY's X-ray light source PETRA III, where the original had been studied, in an undated photo. The remarkably preserved specimen they found is not only a new species but also a new genus and has since been assigned to the 'Ponerinae' subfamily.DESY, MARTA MAYER/ZENGER
Brendon Boudinot, who is currently working at the University of Jena on a Humboldt Research Fellowship, said: "The complex waist segment and the large but rudimentary mandibles—the mouthparts—are more familiar to us from the Ponerinae, a dominant group of predatory ants.
"For this reason, we've assigned the new species and genus to this subfamily, even though it has a unique appearance, as the long waist and otherwise unconstricted abdomen are more reminiscent of the Aneuretinae."
The statement continued: "The present research results also contribute to putting male ants more under the spotlight of evolutionary research."
Ant expert Boudinot said: "Because they have such a different body shape compared to the worker ants, all of whom are female, research has neglected them for a long time. This is because males are simply too often overlooked because they cannot be properly classified.
"Our results not only update the literature on identifying male ants but also show that by understanding male-specific features, such as the sex-specific shape of the mandible, we can learn more about the evolutionary patterns of female ants."
The statement continued: "This is because, in the present study, the researchers have identified a fundamental pattern that occurs in all ants, namely that male and female mandibles follow the same developmental pattern in most species, even if they look very different.
"Dating the find also presented the scientists with some challenges, as the amber itself is as unique as the organisms inside it."
Vincent Perrichot from the University of Renne, France, explained: "The piece with these ants is from the only amber deposit in Africa so far that has featured fossil organisms in inclusions. Altogether, there are only a few fossil insects from this continent.
"Although amber has long been used as jewelry by locals in the region, its scientific significance has only become clear to researchers in the last 10 years or so. The specimen, therefore, offers what is currently a unique insight into an ancient forest ecosystem in Africa."
The statement continued: "It dates from the early Miocene and is 16 to 23 million years old, says Perrichot. Its complicated dating was only possible indirectly, by determining the age of the fossil palynomorphs–the spores and pollen–enclosed in the amber.
Dr Brendon E. Boudinot from the Institute of Zoology and Evolutionary Research at Friedrich Schiller University Jena in an undated photo. Researchers have said that the ant species is as unique as the organisms inside it.UNIVERSITY OF JENA/ZENGER
"Research results such as these are only possible through the use of state-of-the-art technology. As the genetic material of fossils cannot be analyzed, precise data and observations on the morphology of animals are particularly important.
"Comprehensive data can be obtained using high-resolution imaging techniques, such as micro-computed tomography (CT), in which X-rays are used to look through all layers of the sample."
Joerg Hammel from the Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon explained: "Since the ants enclosed in amber that is to be examined are very small and only show a very weak contrast in classical CT, we carried out the CT at our measuring station, which specializes in such micro-tomography.
"This provided the researchers with a stack of images that basically showed the sample that was being studied slice by slice."
The statement continued: "Put together, these produced detailed three-dimensional images of the internal structure of the animals, which the researchers could use to reconstruct the anatomy with precision. This was the only way to exactly identify the details that ultimately led to the new species and genus being determined."
This story was provided to Newsweek by Zenger News.
