A groundbreaking study published in PLOS ONE on June 12, 2024, sheds new light on the intricate processes of purple-dye production during the Late Bronze Age. This study by Lydia Berger and colleagues provides in-depth archaeological, analytical, and procedural insights into the manufacture of this priceless dye at Cape Kolonna, Aegina.
Introduction
The island of Aegina, located in the Saronic Gulf, has long been recognized for its significant cultural and economic contributions throughout history. The recent excavations in the Eastern Suburb of Bronze Age Aegina Kolonna have unveiled remarkable evidence of purple-dye production, dating back to the Early Mycenaean period (16th century BC). This study goes into great detail about the archaeological finds, such as mollusk shells, ceramic sherds with pigment residues, and functional buildings. Together, these things give us a full picture of the dye-making methods used during this time.
Orthophoto of Aegina Kolonna with Area K10 in the Bronze Age Outer Suburb marked in red.
Archaeological Context
The research focused on a small area in the Eastern Suburb, designated as Area K10. Excavations revealed two superimposed Early Mycenaean buildings, destroyed and buried one above the other. Among the debris, researchers found clear evidence of a domestic context intertwined with various craft activities, prominently including the production of purple dye.
Evidence of Dye Production
The standout findings from Area K10 include ceramic fragments with purple pigment residues, high concentrations of mollusk shells, and specialized tools. Chemical analysis using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) identified the banded dye-murex (Hexaplex trunculus) as the primary source of the dye. This species was preferred for its high content of monobromoindigotin (MBI) and the desired purple shade it produced. Additionally, the presence of crushing tools and a dedicated waste pit underscores the organized and possibly professional nature of dye production at this site.
Selection of crushed purple snail shells from the pit in Area K10.
Technological and Ritual Aspects
The study highlights not only the technical aspects but also the potential ritual significance of purple-dye production. The skeletal remains of heavily burned juvenile animals found within the workshop area suggest ritualistic practices possibly aimed at safeguarding or sanctifying the dye production process. This aligns with the broader understanding of Mycenaean society, where complex rituals were often intertwined with significant economic activities.
Purple pigment sample KOL-01 (from fragment SE16/15-K10-85-03). Photo by L. Berger.
Conclusion
This research marks a significant advancement in our understanding of Late Bronze Age technologies and economic practices. A thorough study of the archaeological and bioarchaeological evidence from Cape Kolonna reveals important information about how purple dye was made and what it meant to people in ancient Aegina. The findings not only enrich our knowledge of Mycenaean craft and trade but also open new avenues for exploring the socio-economic dynamics of ancient Mediterranean societies.
For further details, refer to the full study in PLOS ONE More than just a color: Archaeological, analytical, and procedural aspects of Late Bronze Age purple-dye production at Cape Kolonna, Aegina, page 1.
