A Landmark Discovery: The "Last Trojans" Found in the Ancient City of Troy After Millennia!

The Unearthed Tomb of the "Last Trojans": A Glimpse into the Final Days of Troy

In a recent discovery that has captivated historians and archaeologists alike, a team of researchers led by Professor Rustem Aslan uncovered what could be the remains of the last inhabitants of the legendary city of Troy. The excavation, part of ongoing work at the 5,500-year-old Troy Archaeological Site in Turkey, revealed four human skeletons, now referred to as the “Last Trojans.” The finding paints a vivid, almost cinematic, picture of the people who lived in the final days of this iconic city.

A Cinematic Arrangement of Burials:

Among the skeletons uncovered is a particularly poignant scene—a mother and her infant buried side by side. This intimate burial, perhaps a final gesture of love or a desperate attempt to protect the child, evokes imagery reminiscent of ancient legends. Alongside this pair, two male skeletons were also discovered, arranged symmetrically. While further analysis of the two males is pending, the arrangement of the burials suggests they may have had significant social or familial ties.

This discovery shines new light on the lives and deaths of Troy's last inhabitants. Were they victims of a final catastrophe, perhaps tied to the Trojan War or a natural disaster? Or did they perish during the gradual decline of the city, succumbing to disease or famine as Troy's prominence faded? These are the questions that will guide further analysis by Associate Professor Esin Akgul Kalkan and her team from Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, who are currently examining the skeletons.

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Unraveling the Myth of the Trojan Horse: Historical Theories Behind the Legendary Tale

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Layers of History Unfolded:

Troy, a city synonymous with ancient myth and history, continues to reveal its secrets after more than 150 years of excavation. Professor Aslan highlighted the site's complexity, explaining that the earliest layers date back to 3,000 BC, with later layers corresponding to the periods of Troy associated with Homeric legend. The ongoing excavations have unearthed invaluable artifacts and insights from various periods of the city's history, with each layer offering a glimpse into different eras of Troy's existence.

Notably, the city endured multiple phases of destruction and rebuilding, including its eventual decline after the events associated with the Trojan War. While the war itself is still debated by scholars regarding its historicity, discoveries such as these burials provide tangible evidence of life in the shadow of legendary events.

The Legendary Fall of Troy:

The story of Troy’s fall, immortalized in Homer’s Iliad, remains one of the most famous tales of ancient times. The war, sparked by Paris’ abduction of Helen, led to a decade-long siege of the city by Greek forces. The climax of the war came with the cunning use of the Trojan Horse, a seemingly benign offering that allowed Greek soldiers to infiltrate and devastate the city from within.

Troy’s fall marked not just the end of a military conflict but the collapse of a civilization. The surviving Trojans faced either enslavement or death, and their city was left in ruins. Yet, despite its destruction, Troy has endured in the annals of history, thanks in large part to these very archaeological discoveries.

The Enigma of the Last Trojans:

The discovery of these burials, especially the mother and child, adds a personal and human dimension to the city’s last days. It raises significant questions: Were they victims of war, famine, or plague? What was their social status within the city, and what does their burial arrangement tell us about the rituals of Troy’s final days?

The skeletal remains are currently undergoing forensic analysis to determine age, health, and possible causes of death. Initial studies could soon reveal whether these people were casualties of the final days of Troy or simply residents whose lives came to a tragic end.

Continuing the Legacy of Troy:

As archaeologists and historians continue to piece together the story of these "Last Trojans," the broader significance of the Troy Archaeological Site grows ever more profound. The site's inclusion on the UNESCO World Heritage List is a testament to its historical importance, not only in relation to the Trojan War but as a key location in the ancient Mediterranean world.

Through continued excavation and careful analysis, the researchers at Troy are unraveling a complex narrative that blends myth, legend, and reality. Each discovery, like the recent burials, provides another piece of the puzzle, helping to reconstruct the city’s long and storied history. As more information is gathered, the final chapter of Troy may one day be fully revealed—illuminating the lives of its last residents and the ultimate fate of the once-mighty city.

In the meantime, the discovery of the "Last Trojans" invites us to reflect on the enduring allure of Troy, a city that continues to captivate the modern imagination just as it did in ancient times.

Byzantine Talismanic Grave Tablet Discovered at Silifke Castle

A recent archaeological excavation at Silifke Castle in southern Turkey has uncovered a unique talismanic grave tablet dating back to the Byzantine period. The artifact, believed to have been used to ward off evil, was discovered by a team led by Professor Ali Boran. The tablet's inscriptions and symbols suggest it was intended to protect a burial site or structure. The find sheds light on the protective rituals of the era and adds to the historical significance of Silifke Castle, known for its strategic and defensive importance during Byzantine rule.

This new discovery enriches our understanding of the castle's multifaceted role, not only as a military stronghold but also as a site with cultural and spiritual dimensions. The tablet's talismanic properties reveal the deep-rooted beliefs in protection against malevolent forces, a common feature in Byzantine and earlier cultures. While the tablet's exact purpose remains under investigation, its significance as a protective symbol highlights the intertwining of faith, fear, and architecture in ancient societies.

Photo: AA

Researchers are now working on further deciphering the inscriptions and studying the tablet's broader cultural context, which may provide clues about local burial customs and the spiritual landscape of the Byzantine Empire. The discovery offers a glimpse into the religious practices of the time and underscores the continued relevance of archaeology in uncovering the layers of human history embedded within such ancient sites.

Silifke Castle, originally built during the Byzantine period and later expanded by the Seljuks and Crusaders, stands as a testament to the region’s dynamic history. This latest discovery adds yet another dimension to its story, attracting both historians and the public interested in the diverse cultural influences that shaped the region.

Ancient Donkey Carving Unveiled at Karahan Tepe: A Glimpse into Neolithic Symbolism

Recent excavations at Karahan Tepe, one of the oldest known Neolithic sites in southeastern Turkey, have led to the remarkable discovery of a carved figure of a running wild donkey. This intricate carving, etched into stone, was found alongside a grinding stone in a sunken structure, adding a unique element to the site’s vast array of early human artifacts. The figure represents not only the artistic expression of Neolithic communities but also provides insights into the symbolic relationship between humans and animals around 11,000 years ago, enriching our understanding of prehistoric life.

This discovery underscores the significance of Karahan Tepe, a key site in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic era, which was marked by the development of agriculture and settled communities. The running wild donkey figure stands out for its dynamism, suggesting an intimate knowledge of the behavior and anatomy of wild animals. Such carvings contribute to the broader narrative of how early human societies viewed and interacted with the animal world, often incorporating animals into their symbolic and spiritual practices.

Karahan Tepe, like its more famous counterpart Göbekli Tepe, forms part of the broader archaeological landscape of the Fertile Crescent. The site has yielded numerous fascinating artifacts, including monumental stone structures and human-animal carvings, revealing much about early belief systems and social organization. The newly discovered carving adds another layer to the understanding of the artistic and symbolic richness that characterized the Neolithic period in this region.

In light of these discoveries, ongoing excavations at Karahan Tepe promise to continue reshaping our understanding of early human history, offering glimpses into the lives, beliefs, and environments of some of the earliest settled communities. This wild donkey carving is a testament to the complex interactions between humans and the natural world during a pivotal time in history.

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Rediscovered Fragments of Euripides’ Lost Tragedies Unveiled in Groundbreaking Translation

In a remarkable archaeological find, long-lost fragments of ancient Greek literature have been brought to light. Approximately 100 lines from two previously missing tragedies by the renowned 5th-century B.C.E. playwright Euripides have been uncovered and translated. The plays, Ino and Polyidos, had been known only through plot summaries and brief quotations. This discovery has been hailed as one of the most important contributions to the study of Greek tragedy in over fifty years.

The fragments were found in a 2022 excavation by an Egyptian archaeological team at Philadelphia, an ancient necropolis located 75 miles southwest of Cairo. The unearthed papyri, dating to the 3rd century C.E., were discovered in a series of pit graves connected to an older funerary structure. These findings are particularly significant due to the rarity of surviving texts from Euripides, who was one of the most prolific tragedians of ancient Greece.

The Plays: Ino and Polyidos

The first of the two plays, Ino, was a revenge tragedy, from which 37 lines were recovered. The play centers around the myth of Ino, a Theban princess and one of the wives of King Athamas, involved in a tragic cycle of betrayal and vengeance. The newly discovered scene depicts Ino in the aftermath of her conflict with Themisto, her rival for Athamas' affection, as she revels in her triumph. This play had been among Euripides' most popular works but was almost entirely lost to time.

The second play, Polyidos, is a moralistic tragedy from which 60 lines were found. The story revolves around King Minos of Crete and the titular soothsayer, Polyidos, whom Minos implores to revive his deceased son, Glaucus. The newly uncovered dialogue touches on profound themes such as the limits of wealth, power, and governance, as Polyidos critiques the king’s attempt to manipulate fate. “You are rich, but don’t think you understand the rest,” Polyidos warns Minos, highlighting the hubris often associated with prosperity.

The papyri were found in a clump in the northeast corner of the tomb. Photo: courtesy Basem Gehad.

A Scholarly Collaboration

The discovery of these papyri and their attribution to Euripides was made possible through collaboration between the excavation director, Basem Gehad, and Yvona Trnka-Amrhein, an assistant professor of classics at the University of Colorado Boulder. Upon confirming the authenticity of the fragments using an online database of ancient Greek texts, Trnka-Amrhein enlisted the expertise of her colleague John Gibert, a noted Euripides scholar, to assist in the translation and analysis of the material.

Their work has been published in the Journal of Papyrology and Epigraphy, offering a detailed insight into the plays’ content and their historical context. Trnka-Amrhein expressed the significance of this find, noting, “This is the most significant find of Greek tragedy since the publication of a papyrus of Euripides' Erechtheus in the Sorbonne collection in 1967.”

The Papyrus: A Glimpse into Ancient Education

The papyrus itself offers intriguing clues about its origins and purpose. The script, dated to the 3rd century C.E., is not of the luxurious variety often associated with commercially produced literary texts. Instead, the format suggests it may have been used as a manual for elementary education. Words were occasionally broken into syllables, hinting that the manuscript might have been part of a classroom collection for students learning Greek literature.

The presence of these texts in Egypt also sheds light on the transmission of Greek literature during the Roman period, when papyrus manuscripts were still in circulation among scholars and educators in the Hellenistic world. It is possible that the producer of this text was a higher education teacher, possibly operating within a well-stocked library of classical works.

The site at the Egyptian necropolis of Philadelphia where the fragments were found. Photo: courtesy Basem Gehad.

Thematic and Archaeological Resonances

What makes this discovery even more compelling is the thematic connection between the plays and the archaeological context of their discovery. Both Ino and Polyidos prominently feature tombs, echoing the funerary setting in which the papyri were unearthed. This alignment between the content of the plays and the burial grounds in which they were found invites further reflection on the cultural and ritualistic significance of these texts within ancient society.

The fragment from Polyidos, in particular, involves a discussion about death and resurrection, fittingly discovered within a necropolis. In this myth, Minos' desperation to resurrect his son reflects the ancient desire to transcend mortality—a theme that would resonate strongly in the context of an Egyptian burial site.

A New Era for Classical Scholarship

This discovery not only enriches our understanding of Euripides' body of work but also opens new avenues for studying the dissemination and preservation of Greek tragedy in antiquity. The unearthing of additional fragments of Ino and Polyidos revives long-lost elements of classical literature, offering scholars an invaluable glimpse into the moral and philosophical concerns of the ancient world.

As noted by the translators, other papyrus fragments found at the site are expected to be published soon, raising the possibility of more thrilling discoveries that could further illuminate the cultural and literary history of the Mediterranean world.

In the ever-evolving field of archaeology and papyrology, this find stands as a testament to the enduring relevance of ancient texts, reminding us that even in our modern age, the wisdom of the past continues to emerge from the depths of history.

Stonehenge origins search heats up as Orkney ruled out by Aber scientist

Scientists have intensified their search to pinpoint the origins of Stonehenge’s famed Altar Stone, with a new study ruling out Orkney as the source.

This latest development comes after last month’s revelation that the largest "bluestone" at Stonehenge's core originated not from Wales, as previously thought, but from the Orcadian Basin in north-eastern Scotland.

Stonehenge, which began construction over 5,000 years ago, continued to evolve with new additions over the course of two millennia. The exact timing of the Altar Stone's arrival remains uncertain, though it may have been placed in the iconic horseshoe formation during the second construction phase, around 2620–2480 BC.

Ruling Out Orkney

Orkney, with its significant Neolithic monuments and fitting geological features, had long been considered a potential source for the Altar Stone. However, new research, published in the Journal of Archaeological Science, examined Neolithic stones at the Stones of Stenness and the Ring of Brodgar on Orkney’s mainland, which are similar in size and rock type to the Altar Stone. The analysis confirmed that these stones did not match the Altar Stone's chemical composition.

Professor Richard Bevins from Aberystwyth University, who led the research, explained, “We are narrowing down the possibilities and getting closer to identifying the true origin of the Altar Stone. This work is reshaping our understanding of its origins.”

The Significance of the Altar Stone

The Altar Stone, a massive six-tonne grey-green sandstone, stands out at Stonehenge. Unlike the smaller bluestones and larger sarsens, it occupies a unique central position at the site. Its distinct appearance and location have long puzzled researchers, adding to the intrigue of its origin.

"This stone has remained something of an enigma," added Bevins. "While it doesn’t fit neatly into the broader categorization of either the sarsens or the bluestones, we’re determined to uncover where in north-eastern Scotland it was quarried."

This recent study builds on previous findings by scientists from Aberystwyth University and other research teams across the UK and Australia, who concluded that the Altar Stone likely came from north-eastern Scotland, a region increasingly central to Stonehenge's story.

Tale of ancient Roman fort to be unearthed

Ancient Roman Fort Comes to Life in Glossop Exhibition

The ancient Roman fort of Melandra, located in Gamesley near Glossop, is being brought back to life for visitors in a new exhibition. Once a vital military site for Roman forces in northern England, Melandra housed a garrison of 500 soldiers.

Established around 70 AD, the fort played a key role in Rome’s intervention during a civil war among the Brigantes tribe, helping to secure Roman control across northern England. Although the fort has been the subject of archaeological excavations since the 1800s, this year’s Heritage Open Days will showcase the full extent of the research for the first time.

Salford Archaeology is set to host two exhibitions and archaeology-themed events at Glossop's Victoria Hall, offering visitors the chance to explore the fort’s history, view Roman artefacts, and engage in interactive arts and crafts.

Unveiling Melandra’s History

Most of the site’s significant excavations took place in the 1960s, but ongoing research has revealed a wealth of artefacts. Heritage project manager Kate Spencer remarked: "Until now, many of these artefacts were scattered across museums and private collections. For the first time, we’re gathering the full scope of the findings into one place."

The original fort was constructed from wood and later rebuilt in stone around 108 AD, expanding to cover 3.5 acres. It included military headquarters, barracks, and a bathhouse.

Artefacts and Daily Life in Melandra

Excavations at Melandra have yielded thousands of artefacts, offering a glimpse into daily life at the fort. Among the most notable finds is a mortarium, a bowl-shaped vessel used for food preparation, stamped with the mark of Vitalis, a pot maker from Warwickshire in the early 2nd century.

Other discoveries include jewellery, statues of Roman gods, leather sandals, gaming counters, and dice – all hinting at the lifestyle of Roman soldiers stationed at the fort.

Andy Dawson, project manager for National Highways, highlighted the significance of preserving this history: "The Roman Legions were iconic road builders, and it’s fitting that we support this project to safeguard the region's heritage." National Highways has invested £133,500 in the project, which also addresses issues such as flooding, drainage, and land conservation at the site.

Today, the fort’s remnants may appear as little more than grassy mounds, but the exhibition will bring Melandra's rich history to the forefront for a modern audience.

7,000-Year-Old Animal-Figured Seals Discovered at Turkey’s Arslantepe Mound

In a remarkable discovery at the Arslantepe Mound, a UNESCO World Heritage site in Turkey's eastern Malatya province, archaeologists have unearthed two seals dating back 7,000 years. The seals, which feature intricate animal figures, provide a glimpse into the ancient civilizations that once thrived in this region.

Located just 15 kilometers (9.3 miles) southwest of the Euphrates River, the Arslantepe Mound has been a cradle of human civilization for millennia. Its fertile lands, abundant wetlands, and natural protection from the river's floods have made it an ideal settlement site since ancient times.

Francesca Balossi Restelli, the head of the excavation team, explained that the dating of the seals was determined by comparing their motifs with those found in other regions. "When we look at the style, I think that the date of these seals will be older, around 5,000 BC," Restelli remarked. The seals, which are the oldest found at Arslantepe to date, feature animal figures meticulously carved into their surfaces.

Restelli expressed optimism that even older artifacts could be discovered as excavations continue. "There are definitely older ones because there are layers 10 meters (32 feet) below the hill. I am sure we will find older seals as we descend," she added.

The Arslantepe Mound, with its embankment standing 30 meters (98 feet) high, was inhabited from as early as 5000 BC until the 11th century AD. The site has yielded over 2,000 stamp seals, a statue of King Tarhunza, and two lion statues from the late Hittite period.

The temple discovered at the site is believed to date from 3600-3500 BC, further underscoring the historical significance of the Arslantepe Mound as a key archaeological site in understanding ancient Anatolian civilizations.

As excavations continue, the discovery of these seals adds to the rich tapestry of history that Arslantepe Mound has preserved for thousands of years, offering invaluable insights into the lives and cultures of the people who once called this ancient site home.

Earliest Evidence of Human Migration to the Pacific Discovered in Indonesia

Archaeologists have uncovered the earliest known evidence of human migration to the Pacific, dating back over 50,000 years. This significant discovery sheds new light on one of the most arduous sea migrations undertaken by our ancestors, revealing details about how they adapted to challenging new environments.

The breakthrough came from a surprising find—a tree resin artifact—uncovered in Mololo Cave on an Indonesian island. This artifact, the earliest of its kind found outside Africa, has provided crucial insights into the timing, methods, and routes early Homo sapiens used to migrate across the Pacific.

Illustration hypothesising sequence of resin artefact production (Antiquity (2024))

An international team of scientists, including researchers from New Zealand, West Papua, and Indonesia, believe the resin may have been used for a variety of purposes, including building fires, constructing boats, or making stone tools. The discovery points to the complex and resourceful strategies employed by these early humans as they navigated new and challenging environments.

Research indicates that the use of the resin involved a careful, multi-step process. The tree bark was first cut to allow the resin to drip out and harden, after which it was crafted into the desired shape. This process suggests a high level of adaptability and technological skill among early humans, essential for their survival in the rainforest regions of the Pacific islands.

The findings, published in the journal Antiquity, contribute to our growing understanding of early human seafaring. These ancient mariners made daring crossings from Asia to the Pacific Islands, eventually settling in rainforests where they adapted to a variety of environmental challenges. According to study co-authors Dylan Gaffney and Daud Aris Tanudirjo, this discovery is "an important example of human adaptation and flexibility in challenging conditions."

The exact timing and locations of these early maritime dispersals have long been unclear, although it was known that these early seafarers were the ancestors of indigenous people currently living in the Pacific islands, from West Papua to Aotearoa New Zealand. The recent excavations at Mololo Cave, located at the entrance to Mayalibit Bay in eastern Indonesia, have begun to fill in these gaps.

Within the over 100-meter-deep cave, archaeologists found layers of human occupation, along with animal bones, stone artifacts, shells, and charcoal. The animal bones suggest that the inhabitants of Mololo Cave were skilled hunters with a diverse diet that included marsupials, megabats, and ground-dwelling birds. This diversity in diet indicates that these early humans were not just maritime specialists but also adept at surviving in a variety of environments.

The deepest layers of the cave suggest that it was inhabited by early humans at least 55,000 years ago. This new evidence suggests that these prehistoric seafarers traveled along the equator to reach islands off the coast of West Papua more than 50,000 years ago. It also raises the possibility that humans settled the ancient continent of Sahul, which once connected West Papua to Australia, around 65,000 years ago.

“Seafaring simulations demonstrate that a northern equatorial route into New Guinea via the Raja Ampat Islands was a viable dispersal corridor to Sahul at this time,” the scientists wrote in their study.

Further excavations around Mololo Cave could provide even more precise information about the timing and routes of these early migrations. They may also shed light on whether these early humans played a role in the extinction of giant mammals in the region or whether these migrations involved individuals with Denisovan and Homo sapien ancestors.

This discovery marks a significant advancement in our understanding of human migration and adaptation, offering a glimpse into the resilience and ingenuity of our early ancestors as they ventured into uncharted territories.

New Findings Reinforce the Authenticity Debate of the Turin Shroud

The Shroud of Turin, a linen cloth revered by many as the burial shroud of Jesus Christ, has mystified scholars and believers alike for centuries. First unveiled in the 1350s, the shroud displays a faint image of a man, which has been the subject of intense debate regarding its origins and authenticity.

When it was initially presented, the Shroud was heralded as the actual burial cloth used to wrap the body of Christ after his crucifixion. The image on the shroud, depicting a bearded man with his arms crossed, was believed by many to be a miraculous imprint of Jesus himself. However, scientific research in the 1980s cast doubt on this claim, dating the fabric to the Middle Ages, long after Jesus lived.

Recent studies by Italian scientists, employing cutting-edge techniques involving x-rays, have reignited the debate by dating the shroud's material to around 2,000 years ago, a timeline consistent with the era of Jesus. This finding supports the theory that the bloodstained pattern on the shroud could indeed have been left by Jesus’ body after his crucifixion.

According to the Bible, Joseph of Arimathea wrapped Jesus’ body in a linen shroud and placed it in a tomb. The Gospel of Matthew (27:59–60) details this event, which has been a cornerstone of Christian tradition. The Shroud of Turin, since its first public display in the 14th century, has fascinated historians, religious leaders, skeptics, and the faithful alike. It has been preserved in the Cathedral of San Giovanni Battista in Turin, Italy, since 1578.

The cloth itself reveals faint, brownish images of a gaunt man, standing between 5'7" and 6' tall, with markings that correspond to the crucifixion wounds described in the Bible, including thorn marks on the head, lacerations on the back, and bruises on the shoulders. These details align with the biblical account of Jesus’ suffering, suggesting that the man depicted on the shroud endured similar torture.

In 1988, an international team of researchers performed carbon dating on a small fragment of the shroud, concluding that the fabric originated between 1260 and 1390 AD. This finding was based on the decay of carbon-14, a radioactive isotope, which led many to dismiss the shroud as a medieval forgery.

Nevertheless, some experts have continued to challenge this conclusion, arguing that the linen could be genuine. They point out that the shroud is made of flax, which was commonly grown in the Middle East, and that the image on the fabric bears a striking resemblance to the traditional depiction of Jesus, complete with a crown of thorns.

In the latest study, researchers from Italy’s Institute of Crystallography of the National Research Council applied a technique called wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) to date the shroud. This method analyzes the natural aging of flax cellulose, converting it into a timeline from the fabric’s manufacture. The team examined eight small samples from the Shroud of Turin, using X-rays to reveal intricate details of the linen’s structure and the breakdown of its cellulose over time.

Cellulose, a component of plant cell walls, degrades at a measurable rate, providing insights into the age of the material. By assessing this degradation, the researchers estimated that the shroud was kept at a temperature of about 72.5 degrees Fahrenheit with 55 percent relative humidity for approximately 13 centuries before arriving in Europe. This analysis aligns the shroud’s origin with the first century AD, further supporting its authenticity.

The Bible states that, Joseph of Arimathea wrapped the body of Jesus in a linen shroud and placed it in a new tomb.

To validate their findings, the researchers compared the shroud’s cellulose degradation with that of other linens discovered in Israel dating back to the first century. They found that the data profiles were consistent with linen samples dated between 55 and 74 AD, such as those found at Masada, Israel, Herod's ancient fortress overlooking the Dead Sea.

Conversely, when the shroud’s degradation was compared with linens from the medieval period (1260–1390 AD), no similarities were found. The study concluded that to align the 1988 carbon dating results with the new findings, the shroud would have had to be preserved at an unusually high temperature throughout its supposed 700-year history—a scenario deemed highly unlikely.

Dr. Liberato De Caro, the study’s lead author, suggested that the 1988 carbon dating might have been flawed due to contamination that could not be entirely removed from the sample. He argued that carbon-14 dating is unreliable if the cleaning process is inadequate, which may have been the case in 1988. He also noted that there was a significant increase in carbon-14 concentration from the edges towards the center of the shroud, which could have skewed the dating results.

The Shroud of Turin remains one of the most studied and debated artifacts in history. Since the 1980s, over 170 peer-reviewed academic papers have examined the shroud, with many concluding that it is authentic. Earlier investigations in the 1970s explored whether the images were created by painting, scorching, or other means, but no definitive method was identified.

Further complicating the debate, in 2017, another team from the Institute of Crystallography found evidence of blood from a torture victim on the shroud, identifying substances like creatinine and ferritin, which are typically present in victims of severe trauma. These findings contradict the theory that the image was painted by medieval forgers.

As the scientific community continues to explore the mysteries of the Shroud of Turin, the debate over its authenticity endures. The recent discoveries add a compelling new dimension to this ancient puzzle, suggesting that the shroud may indeed date back to the time of Jesus and keeping alive the centuries-old quest to uncover the truth behind this enigmatic relic.

Scotland to Stonehenge: The Remarkable Voyage of the Altar Stone

Stonehenge, the ancient stone circle on Salisbury Plain in southern England, has puzzled and fascinated people for centuries. From medieval tales of wizards like Merlin magically transporting the stones from Ireland to theories involving the Romans, Vikings, and Druids, the origins of this iconic monument have long been shrouded in mystery. Recent research, however, sheds new light on one of Stonehenge’s most enigmatic features—the Altar Stone.

This large, flat stone, partially buried at the center of the monument, has always stood out among the other stones. A recent study suggests that it might have traveled an extraordinary distance—over 800 kilometers—from the far north of Scotland to its final resting place in England. This discovery adds a new chapter to the story of Stonehenge, highlighting the impressive capabilities of the Neolithic people who built it.

The Altar Stone is unique among Stonehenge’s stones. Most of the massive upright stones, known as sarsens, were sourced from the nearby Marlborough Downs, just 25 kilometers away. The smaller bluestones, which form a circle within the larger sarsen structure, were transported from the Mynydd Preseli mountains in Wales, about 240 kilometers from Stonehenge. The altar stone, however, is made of sandstone, a material not found in either of these locations.

Using advanced geochemical analysis, scientists have traced the origin of the Altar Stone to the Old Red Sandstone formations in the Orcadian Basin, located in the northeast of Scotland and the Orkney Islands. This is a remarkable finding, as it suggests that Neolithic people transported this six-tonne stone over a vast distance, likely by sea.

The idea of moving such a massive stone by land seems nearly impossible, given the rugged terrain between Scotland and southern England. A sea voyage, although risky, seems more plausible. Archaeologists believe that Neolithic people had the skills and technology to undertake such a journey, even though evidence of their boats has yet to be found. They were already transporting livestock like cattle, sheep, and goats across the sea, so moving a stone, although challenging, might have been within their capabilities.

The transport of the Altar Stone would have been a significant event, likely attracting attention and participation from communities along the way. The stone’s journey adds to our understanding of the connections between different regions of Britain during the Neolithic period. It also suggests that the builders of Stonehenge were not just skilled in construction but also had a deep understanding of the land and its resources.

While the study has provided valuable insights, the exact location in Scotland where the Altar Stone was quarried remains unknown. Researchers are continuing their work, hoping to uncover more about this fascinating stone and the people who moved it.

This discovery is just the latest in a long line of revelations about Stonehenge, and it’s unlikely to be the last. As scientists continue to study this ancient site, they are sure to uncover even more surprises, adding to the rich tapestry of stories that make Stonehenge one of the most intriguing monuments in the world.

Roman Mosaic Revealed at English Shopping Mall

A Roman mosaic discovered in 1988 during the construction of a shopping mall in southeast England is finally set to be displayed to the public. Originally found but reburied due to lack of funds for study, the nearly 2,000-year-old artwork will now be preserved under glass at the Lion Walk Shopping Centre in Colchester, about 60 miles northeast of London. Colchester, once the first Roman capital of England and the oldest recorded town in Britain, is known for its Roman artifacts, with more than 40 mosaics documented by the Colchester Archaeological Trust.

As the mosaic was being excavated, shoppers showed great interest, with the center’s manager, Martin Leatherdale, noting the excitement among passersby. Archaeologists have uncovered about one-fifth of the mosaic so far, including previously unseen sections. The project aims to have the mosaic fully displayed by the end of summer.

If a royal visit wasn't enough, we've discovered a piece of history that's been buried beneath our city for almost 2,000 years! 😲

We are working with @colchestercitycouncil and colch_archaeological_trust to excavate and preserve this artwork. pic.twitter.com/jNUON7NL2N

— Lion Walk (@ShopLionWalk) March 21, 2023

Colchester, originally named "Camulodunum" after the god of war, became a Roman fortress in 43 C.E. and was later established as the capital of the Roman province Britannia. Despite being largely destroyed in a 60 C.E. rebellion led by the Iceni and Trinovantes tribes, the town was rebuilt with defensive walls, remnants of which still stand. Today, visitors can explore the Colchester Castle museum, situated on the site of the ancient temple.

Kalašma Language Deciphered: A Forgotten Indo-European Language of the Bronze Age Anatolia

The Rediscovery of Kalasma: A Glimpse into Anatolia's Multilingual Past

The ancient land of Anatolia, a crossroads of cultures and languages in the ancient world, has once again yielded a remarkable discovery. In 2023, during excavations in Hattuša, the capital of the once-mighty Hittite Empire, archaeologists uncovered a trove of cuneiform tablets that revealed a long-lost language: Kalašma. This discovery, located in the region that is today’s Boğazkale in Turkey, has opened a new chapter in our understanding of the linguistic and cultural diversity that flourished in Anatolia over three millennia ago.

Discovery and Decipherment

The discovery of the Kalašma language is centered around 174 cuneiform tablets found at the excavation site at the foot of Ambarlıkaya in Boğazköy-Hattusha. These tablets, dating back to the Late Bronze Age, were inscribed with a language that was previously unknown to scholars. The language has been identified as part of the Anatolian branch of the Indo-European language family, a group that also includes Hittite, Luwian, and Palaic.

The decipherment of the Kalašma language was a collaborative effort involving several scholars. Professor Daniel Schwemer from the Department of Near Eastern Languages at the University of Würzburg played a key role in the initial transliteration of the texts from cuneiform to the Latin alphabet. His work was further analyzed by linguistics experts, including Professor Elisabet Rieken and Associate Professor Ilya Yakubovitich from the University of Marburg. Their combined efforts have allowed us to begin to understand the language and its significance.

The People of Kalašma

According to the findings, the Kalašma people inhabited a region near what is now the Gerede district of Bolu province in modern-day Turkey. The language of Kalašma, though similar to Luwian, which was spoken in southern Anatolia, represents a unique cultural and linguistic entity within the broader Hittite Empire. The Hittites, known for their vast empire that spanned much of Anatolia and the Eastern Mediterranean, were highly interested in recording rituals and religious practices in the native languages of the regions they controlled. This practice not only reflects the Hittites' respect for local traditions but also their pragmatic approach to governance and control.

Hattuša excavation head Prof. Dr. Andreas Schachner

The Tablets and Their Content

The Kalašma tablets primarily contain texts related to daily life and celebrations, offering a rare glimpse into the everyday practices of this lost culture. While the content of the tablets does not provide groundbreaking historical information, it is invaluable for understanding the multilingual and multicultural landscape of Anatolia around 2000 BCE. The texts reveal that the Hittites, in their interactions with the conquered regions, incorporated local deities into their own pantheon, worshipping these gods in their native languages. This practice was likely intended to integrate these regions more firmly into the Hittite Empire by respecting and preserving their cultural identities.

One particularly intriguing aspect of the Kalašma texts is their religious significance. The tablets often reference rituals and ceremonies conducted in the Kalašma language, underscoring the importance of performing religious rites in a language that was believed to be understood by the gods of that region. The Hittites believed that the gods of Kalašma, like those of other regions, would not understand the Hittite language, hence the need to communicate with them in their native tongue. This practice highlights the deep-rooted belief in the power of language in religious and cultural contexts in the ancient world.

The Broader Linguistic Landscape of Anatolia

The discovery of Kalašma adds to the already complex linguistic tapestry of ancient Anatolia. The region was home to a variety of languages, including Hittite, Luwian, Palaic, and Hattic. The Hittites, in particular, left behind a rich archive of cuneiform texts that include not only their own language but also passages in these other languages. This reflects the diverse cultural influences that the Hittites encountered and absorbed over the centuries.

The significance of the Kalašma language lies not only in its uniqueness but also in what it tells us about the broader interactions between different cultures and languages in ancient Anatolia. The multilingual nature of the region, as evidenced by the variety of languages recorded in Hittite texts, suggests a high degree of cultural exchange and integration. The discovery of Kalašma, therefore, provides new insights into the ways in which the Hittites and their contemporaries navigated and managed this diversity.

The Future of Kalašma Studies

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The publication of the Kalašma texts, led by Professor Schwemer, is set to begin in November 2023. This publication will make the full corpus of 174 tablets available to scholars worldwide, paving the way for further research into this newly discovered language. As more is learned about Kalašma, it is likely that our understanding of the ancient world, particularly the intricate dynamics of language, culture, and power in Anatolia, will continue to evolve.

In conclusion, the rediscovery of the Kalašma language is a testament to the rich and diverse history of Anatolia. It underscores the region’s role as a melting pot of cultures and languages in the ancient world. As scholars continue to study the Kalašma texts, we can look forward to new insights into the lives of the people who once inhabited this fascinating region and the complex web of interactions that shaped their world.

The work ‘Keilschrifttexte aus Boghazköi (Cuneiform Texts from Boghazköi)’, written by Prof. Dr. Schwemer on the decipherment of 174 tablets, is now available digitally.

Archaeologists Uncover Hittite Seal in Büklükale with Death Threat for Breaking Oaths

Hittite Royal Seal Unearthed in Turkey Warns: 'Break This, and You Will Die

Excavations at the ancient site of Büklükale, believed to have served as a significant military base for the Hittites, have led to the discovery of a royal seal bearing a stern warning: “Whoever breaks this will die.” This inscription has drawn considerable attention, highlighting the seriousness with which the Hittites regarded their agreements.

Büklükale: A Key Hittite Military Base

Büklükale is situated approximately 100 kilometers southeast of Ankara, along the banks of the Kızılırmak River, near the village of Köprüköy in the Karakeçili district. Archaeological surveys suggest that the site reached its peak during the height of the Hittite Empire, functioning as an essential hub within the empire’s expansive network.

Over the course of 14 years, excavations led by Associate Professor Dr. Kimiyoshi Matsumura have uncovered numerous artifacts from the Hittite period. Among the most remarkable discoveries made during the 2023 excavation season was a cuneiform seal impression dating back to the Hittite Empire.

A Royal Seal with a Deadly Warning

Hittitologists have deciphered the cuneiform inscription on the seal, which reads, “Whoever breaks this will die.” This ominous warning underscores the gravity of the agreements sealed with this stamp and the severe consequences of violating them.

In the context of Hittite law, which typically favored fines or compensation over the death penalty or corporal punishment, the wording on this seal is particularly striking. It suggests the exceptional importance of the agreements it secured, reflecting the high stakes involved in these royal contracts.

Photo: IHA

Associate Professor Dr. Kimiyoshi Matsumura, a faculty member of the Archaeology Department at Kırşehir Ahi Evran University and the head of the Büklükale excavation, emphasized the significance of the find. He noted that Büklükale was a vital city during the Hittite Empire, and the presence of this royal seal, likely used by the king or queen, provides valuable insights into the site's historical importance.

Insights into Hittite Royal Influence

Matsumura explained, “There is cuneiform writing on this seal. The Great King Tabarna (Sovereign King) or Tavananna (Sovereign Queen) writes, ‘Whoever breaks this will die.’” These seals were commonly affixed to contracts, serving as a stark reminder that violations would be severely punished. The use of this seal by the Hittite royalty indicates the close relationship between Büklükale and the Hittite capital of Hattusa, suggesting that this city was deeply integrated into the empire's central power structures.

Photo: IHA

Recent discoveries at Büklükale include Hurrian tablets, which further illustrate the site’s importance. These tablets, associated with religious ceremonies conducted by the Hittite royal family, suggest that the king or queen may have personally visited or resided in Büklükale. This further reinforces the city's prominence within the Hittite Empire.

During the current excavation season, the team also uncovered a terracotta seal impression featuring a motif, found in several fragments. The exact meaning of this seal will be determined after further analysis by experts.

The discoveries at Büklükale continue to shed light on the intricate political and religious connections within the Hittite Empire, offering a deeper understanding of the power and influence wielded by the Hittite royal family.

Discovery of a Mysterious Stone Carving in Kazakhstan

In a remarkable find, the Ministry of Emergency Situations in Kazakhstan has uncovered an enigmatic stone carving in the Akmola Region, specifically in the Sandyktau district. This discovery has sparked significant interest among archaeologists and historians, shedding light on the region's ancient cultural and ritual practices.

The Carving

The stone carving, measuring 27 by 21 cm, is etched onto a granite boulder. It prominently features a human face and faces west-southwest. Adjacent to this human depiction, there is another carving of a deer, though it is less well-preserved. These elements suggest a potential ritualistic or symbolic significance.

Possible Historical Context

Experts propose that the carvings might belong to a ritual complex dating back to the Bronze Age. Such carvings are not unique to this region but have parallels across Central Asia and Eastern Europe. This period, spanning roughly from 3300 to 1200 BCE, was characterized by significant advancements in metalworking and the establishment of complex societies.

Debates on Dating and Cultural Links

The exact dating of the carvings remains a subject of debate. While the Bronze Age hypothesis is compelling, some scholars suggest that the carvings could belong to the early Iron Age or even medieval Turkic cultures. The Iron Age, beginning around 1200 BCE, saw the widespread use of iron and significant cultural developments. Meanwhile, the Turkic cultures, emerging in the early medieval period, have left numerous archaeological traces across the region.

Ritual and Symbolism

The human face and deer imagery hint at possible ritualistic uses. In many ancient cultures, such carvings were part of larger ceremonial complexes, possibly used in rites of passage, seasonal festivals, or to commemorate significant events. The orientation of the carving, facing west-southwest, might also hold astronomical or symbolic significance, reflecting the beliefs and practices of the ancient peoples who created it.

Broader Implications

This discovery contributes to our understanding of the cultural and historical landscape of Kazakhstan. It highlights the region's importance as a crossroads of ancient civilizations and underscores the complex interplay of cultural influences over millennia.

The mysterious stone carving found in Kazakhstan's Akmola Region opens new avenues for research into the ancient cultures of Central Asia. As scholars continue to study this and other similar findings, we can expect to gain deeper insights into the lives, beliefs, and practices of the people who once inhabited this vast and intriguing region.

New Discovery: Ancient Cuneiform Tablet Reveals 3,500-Year-Old Shopping List

A remarkable discovery has been made at the ancient site of Alalah (Aççana Mound) in Hatay, Turkey: a 3,500-year-old cuneiform tablet containing a detailed shopping list for furniture. Unearthed during restoration efforts following an earthquake, this tablet provides a fascinating glimpse into the economic and administrative life of the Amorite civilization in the 15th century BCE.

The tablet, weighing 28 grams and written in Akkadian cuneiform, lists items such as wooden tables, chairs, and stools. The detailed records not only mention the purchased items but also provide insights into the buyers, sellers, and the broader trade networks of the time. Researchers from Johns Hopkins University, including Associate Professor Dr. Jacob Lauinger and his student Zeynep Türker, are actively deciphering the inscriptions.

Turkey’s Minister of Culture and Tourism, Mehmet Ersoy, highlighted the significance of the find, noting its potential to enrich our understanding of Anatolian heritage. The ancient city of Alalah was a thriving commercial hub, strategically located on major trade routes, and this tablet underscores the sophistication of its economic system.

This discovery not only offers a new perspective on the economic structure of the Late Bronze Age but also emphasizes the advanced state systems and commercial practices of the time. The ongoing research aims to delve deeper into the economic and administrative complexities of ancient Alalah, shedding light on its historical significance.

Ancient Ring Engraved with Goddess Athena Found by Child on Mount Carmel

Yair Whiteson, a 13-year-old resident of Haifa, recently embarked on a hike near his home, enjoying quality time with his father who had returned from four months of service in the army reserves. While exploring the “ancient quarry” site below Khirbet Shalala (Mishmar HaCarmel Farm) on Mount Carmel, Yair stumbled upon a fascinating object. "I have a keen interest in fossils and rocks and love collecting them," Yair shared. "During the hike, I noticed a small green item. Initially, I thought it was just a corroded bolt and considered heating it. However, I soon realized it was a ring, and upon closer inspection at home, I noticed an image on it, which at first looked like a warrior."

The Whiteson family promptly contacted Nir Distelfeld, an Inspector at the Theft Prevention Unit of the Israel Antiquities Authority (IAA), who transferred the ring to the National Treasures Department. The IAA, with the expertise of Prof. Shua Amorai-Stark from Kaye Academic College, examined and researched the artifact. In recognition of Yair's discovery, he and his family were invited to tour the new Jay and Jeanie Schottenstein National Campus for the Archaeology of Israel and received commendations for good citizenship.

Photo: Israel Antiquities Authority 

"This beautifully preserved ring features the image of a helmeted, naked figure holding a shield in one hand and a spear in the other," explained Distelfeld and Dr. Eitan Klein of the IAA's Unit for the Prevention of Antiquities Robbery. "Yair's initial identification of the figure as a warrior was quite accurate. The figure is likely the goddess Minerva from Roman mythology, also known as Athena in Greek mythology. Minerva was highly revered during the Roman period in the Land of Israel, symbolizing war, military strategy, and wisdom."

The bronze ring likely belonged to a woman or girl during the Late Roman Period (2nd-3rd Century CE). The discovery site, located below Khirbet Shalala on a hilltop with Roman period farmstead remains, is near an ancient rock quarry and two burial caves. Researchers suggest the ring might have belonged to a woman who lived on the farm, a quarry worker, or it could have been a burial offering from the nearby graves. "There are numerous possibilities," the researchers noted.

Photo: Israel Antiquities Authority 

Khirbet Shalala, the archaeological site near the ring's discovery, is situated on a hilltop in the Carmel Mountains, bordered by Nahal Oren on three sides and close to Ein Alon, a perennial water source. This site has been previously explored and documented by the 19th-century Palestine Exploration Fund surveyors, the renowned Israeli archaeologist Prof. Ruth Amiran, and a Bar-Ilan University expedition led by Mount Carmel expert Prof. Shimon Dar. "The ring now connects to data gathered in earlier excavations and surveys, providing additional insights into this historical site," concluded Distelfeld and Dr. Klein.

For more: Israel Antiquities Authority 

The Enduring Legacy of "The Odyssey": From Ancient Epic to Modern Inspiration

Homer's "The Odyssey," an ancient Greek epic poem, stands as a monumental work in the literary canon, continuing to captivate audiences with its themes of heroism, adventure, and the resilience of the human spirit. This timeless tale of Odysseus’ arduous journey home after the Trojan War not only offers a fascinating narrative but also provides profound insights into the universal quest for identity, belonging, and overcoming adversity. The forthcoming film, "The Return," starring Ralph Fiennes and set for release on September 27, 2024, exemplifies how this ancient epic still resonates with contemporary audiences and inspires modern adaptations.

In "The Odyssey," Odysseus' journey is fraught with trials and tribulations that test his ingenuity, courage, and endurance. His epic voyage home to Ithaca is more than a physical journey; it is a metaphor for the human condition and the struggles each person faces. In modern times, these themes continue to be profoundly relevant. Individuals today, much like Odysseus, encounter personal challenges, navigate complex social dynamics, and confront the unknown, seeking a sense of identity and purpose.

The new film adaptation brings Odysseus' timeless story into a contemporary context, highlighting the perennial nature of these themes. After twenty years away, Odysseus returns to Ithaca, only to find his kingdom in turmoil. His wife, Penelope, is besieged by suitors and his son, Telemachus, faces mortal danger. Odysseus, no longer the formidable warrior he once was, must summon his inner strength and wisdom to save his family and reclaim his home. This narrative arc underscores the enduring values of loyalty, love, and family bonds—elements that remain central to the human experience.

Penelope's steadfast loyalty and Telemachus' bravery in "The Odyssey" serve as powerful reminders of the strength found in familial ties. These themes of faithfulness and courage resonate strongly in today's world, where the stability and hope provided by family relationships are more critical than ever amidst rapid change and uncertainty. Odysseus' return and the challenges he faces highlight the importance of these connections, offering solace and inspiration.

Furthermore, "The Odyssey" continues to influence modern storytelling across various media. Its narrative structure, characterized by the hero's journey, moral dilemmas, and character development, provides a rich template for contemporary literature, film, and other art forms. The upcoming film "Odysseus: The Return" is a testament to this enduring influence, showing how ancient wisdom can be woven into modern narratives to explore contemporary issues.

The epic’s ability to blend timeless themes with contemporary relevance is a significant factor in its lasting appeal. Whether it’s overcoming personal adversity or navigating the complexities of modern life, the lessons from Odysseus' journey are universally applicable. This adaptability makes "The Odyssey" a source of perpetual inspiration, providing valuable insights into the human experience across different eras and cultures.

In essence, Homer’s "The Odyssey" is much more than an ancient epic; it is a living narrative that continues to inspire and captivate the modern world. Through its exploration of resilience, loyalty, and the quest for meaning, it offers timeless lessons that transcend the boundaries of time and culture. As demonstrated by adaptations like "Odysseus: The Return," the story of Odysseus' epic voyage remains a powerful and relevant source of inspiration, reflecting the enduring human spirit's triumph over adversity.

New Results of the 2024 Antikythera Shipwreck Field Survey

Source: Greek Ministry of Culture and Sports

The 2024 expedition to the Antikythera shipwreck took place from May 17 to June 20 as part of the ongoing 2021–2025 research program by the Swiss School of Archaeology in Greece, supervised by the Ephorate of Underwater Antiquities of the Greek Ministry of Culture. Favorable weather conditions allowed significant progress in the field, resulting in numerous findings, notably a crucial part of the ship's hull.

For the first time since its discovery by Symian sponge divers in 1900, a systematic scientific approach led by Dr. Angeliki G. Simosi and Professor Lorenz Baumer aims to better understand the famous shipwreck site and reassess one of antiquity's richest ship cargoes. The research raises new questions: Was there only one ship involved in this ancient maritime tragedy? How exactly did the shipwreck occur? Were the human remains found in recent years those of passengers or crew members?

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How Does The 'Antikythera Mechanism' Work?

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Key Techniques and Findings

To answer these questions, various techniques were employed:

1. Database and GIS System: Developed in previous years, these tools aided in planning and feedback.

2. Remote-Controlled Vehicles: Provided real-time monitoring and coordination of underwater operations and helped create digital 3D models of selected areas.

3. Specialized Underwater Survey Methodology: Applied across the wreck site, which spans two distinct artifact concentrations 200 meters apart (Areas "A" and "B"). This included documenting and analyzing utility ceramics and storage vessels, with select samples recovered for further study.

4. New Limited-Intervention Excavation Method: Targeted 2x2 m zones, with collected sediments preliminary studied in a microgeoarchaeological field lab, enabling accurate stratigraphic observations and highlighting the site's complexity.

Rich Discoveries

The ongoing excavations in Areas "A" and "B" yielded about 300 objects or object groups, including:

• 21 marble fragments (18 from statues)

• Numerous ship hull fragments

• Over 200 ceramic fragments

• Several geoarchaeological samples

Notable Hull Discovery

The most significant 2024 find is a structural part of the ship's hull, revealing crucial shipbuilding features. A section of the ship’s planking with transverse reinforcements was found, preserving the original bronze nails and protective lead coating. This discovery clarifies the ship's construction and prompts questions about whether more than one ship sank at Antikythera.

Additional Wreck Site

A secondary site (Area "B") is under investigation due to its ceramic similarities with Area "A". Recent findings confirm the presence of another wooden ship beneath the cargo remains, prompting further analysis to understand the relationship between Areas "A" and "B".

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From Ancient Greece To Modern Mexico: The Inauguration Of The Monumental Antikythera Mechanism In Hermosillo

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Marble and Ceramic Analysis

Marble fragments found suggest a concentration of sculptural artworks in Area "A", with differences in quality indicating various statues. Detailed analysis of amphorae types revealed a prevalence of Koan, Rhodian, and Ephesian amphorae, along with a surprising number of Lamboglia 2 amphorae, classified into three subtypes. New types of amphorae from Chios and Rhodian amphorae with twisted handles were discovered in Area "B".

Conclusion

The 2024 field survey at the Antikythera shipwreck has significantly advanced our understanding of the site, uncovering new artifacts and posing new questions about the ship's story. With ongoing analysis and future excavations, more light will be shed on this ancient maritime tragedy.

For more information: Return to Antikythera Program

A Ground-Breaking Discovery: The Earliest Ship Ever Found in the Deep Seas!

A 3,300-year-old ship’s cargo with hundreds of intact amphorae discovered 90 km from shore at a depth of 1.8 km on the Mediterranean Sea floor.

A ship’s cargo from 3,300—3,400 years ago, with hundreds of intact vessels, was found at the incredible depth of 1.8 kilometers on the Mediterranean Sea floor. The cargo was found during a standard survey executed by Energean - E&P natural gas company, who operates the Karish, Karish North, Katlan and Tanin offshore fields near Israel. The contents were positively identified as Late Bronze Age Canaanite storage vessels by the Israel Antiquities Authority.

Jacob Sharvit, Head of the Israel Antiquities Authority Marine Unit, explains, “The ship seems to have sunk in crisis, either due to a storm or to an attempted piracy attack – a well-known occurrence in the Late Bronze Age. This is both the first and the oldest ship found in the Eastern Mediterranean deep sea, ninety kilometers from the nearest shore. This is a world-class history-changing discovery: This find reveals to us as never before the ancient mariners’ navigational skills – capable of traversing the Mediterranean Sea without a line of sight to any coast. From this geographical point, only the horizon is visible all around. To navigate they probably used the celestial bodies, by taking sightings and angles of the sun and star positions.”

“As part of our ongoing activity to discover and extract natural gas from the deep sea, we conduct surveys that check different parameters, using an advanced submersible robot to scour the seafloor,” says Dr. Karnit Bahartan, Head of the Environmental Staff at Energean. “About a year ago, during a survey, we saw the unusual sight of what seemed to be a large pile of jugs heaped on the seafloor. We are in ongoing contact with the Israel Antiquities Authority, and when we sent them the images it turned out to be a sensational discovery, far beyond what we could imagine.”

In light of this discovery’s tremendous importance Energean rose to the occasion and dedicated a team to work together with Israel Antiquities Authority experts to closely investigate the boat, using their “Energean Star” ship equipped to conduct deep-sea work. The company’s technicians planned a unique, complex operation and even built a special tool to enable extracting artifacts with minimal risk of damage to the entire assemblage.

“The robot’s survey and mapping of the site clarified this to be a sunken ship ca. 12-14 meters long that was transporting hundreds of vessels, of which only some are visible above the ocean floor. The muddy bottom conceals a second layer of vessels, and it seems that wooden beams of the ship are also buried within the mud,” says Sharvit.

In the course of two days of work at sea, the Energean team extracted two vessels, each from a different extremity of the ship, to minimize disturbances to the intact assemblage of the boat and its cargo.

“The vessel type identified in the cargo was designed as the most efficient means of transporting relatively cheap and mass-produced products such as oil, wine and other agricultural products such as fruit. Finding such a great quantity of amphorae on board one single ship is testimony to significant commercial ties between their country of origin and the ancient Near Eastern lands on the Mediterranean coast”, says Sharvit.

He adds: “This is a truly sensational find. Only two other shipwrecks with cargo are known from the Late Bronze Age in the Mediterranean Sea – the boat from Cape Gelidonya and the Uluburun boat; both found off the Turkish coast. Yet both of those shipwrecks were found relatively near the shore, and were accessible using normal diving equipment. Based on these two finds, the academic assumption until now was that trade in that time was executed by safely flitting from port to port, hugging the coastline within eye contact.

The discovery of this boat now changes our entire understanding of ancient mariner abilities: It is the very first to be found at such a great distance with no line of sight to any landmass. There is tremendous potential here for research: The ship is preserved at such a great depth that time has frozen since the moment of disaster – its body and contexts have not been disturbed by human hand (divers, fishermen, etc.); nor affected by waves and currents which do impact shipwrecks in shallower waters.”

Shaul Zemach, Energean Israel CEO, addresses the company’s decision to execute such a complicated operation to extract archaeological artifacts from the ocean floor: “The ongoing relationship with the Israel Antiquities Authority is an inseparable element of Energean’s connection to the community, and exemplifies our commitment to society and to the environment. In this complex project our team exhibited extraordinary professionalism, and we are happy to be partners to a discovery of this magnitude.”

Eli Escusido, Israel Antiquities Authority Director, says, “The important significance of these finds prompted a decision to exhibit these Canaanite vessels extracted from the seafloor, and to thus tell the public the story of this boat, in the framework of opening the Archaeological Campus for “sample taste” tours this summer. These visits will afford people a glimpse of this unique edifice, its mosaics and laboratories, even before the official opening of our expansive visitor center, currently scheduled two years from today. I earnestly thank Energean for their alertness in identifying this ancient cargo, and for dedicating the resources which have already enabled initial understandings gleaned from this rare shipwreck.”

Israel Antiquities Authority 

Great Move: Turkey Revokes the Firman Granting Elgin the Parthenon Marbles

In a dramatic turn of events, Turkey has nullified the firman that allegedly granted Lord Elgin permission to remove the Parthenon Marbles. This document, long cited as Elgin's legal authorization, has been reassessed by Turkish authorities, who now assert that it did not legitimize Elgin's actions. This revocation could significantly impact Greece's efforts to repatriate the Marbles, adding weight to their argument that the artifacts were acquired without proper authorization.

The Parthenon Marbles, also known as the Elgin Marbles, have been a subject of intense debate and controversy since their removal from the Parthenon in Athens in the early 19th century. Lord Elgin, the British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, orchestrated the removal and transportation of these significant artifacts to Britain. The British Museum has housed the Marbles since their purchase from Elgin, who claimed he had a firman (an official decree) from the Ottoman authorities granting him permission.

However, the legitimacy of this firm has been questioned for many years. Critics argue that Elgin's actions amounted to cultural theft and that the firman, if it existed, did not explicitly permit the dismantling and removal of the sculptures. The Greek government has persistently demanded the return of the Marbles, citing ethical and cultural reasons.

The Turkish Annulment

Recent actions by Turkish authorities have added a new dimension to this longstanding dispute. According to reports, Turkey has officially annulled the firman that Elgin used to justify his removal of the Parthenon Marbles. This decision suggests that the document either never had the legal standing that Elgin claimed or that it has been misinterpreted and misrepresented over the centuries.

Turkish officials, including those in the cultural heritage sector, have highlighted that the firman did not constitute a legal sale or transfer of ownership. Instead, it might have been a mere administrative note, granting limited permission for Elgin to make sketches and perhaps take a few insignificant fragments. This re-evaluation discredits the narrative that Elgin had the right to remove large portions of the Parthenon sculptures.

Implications for Repatriation Efforts

The annulment of the firman significantly strengthens Greece's position in the campaign to repatriate the Parthenon Marbles. Greek authorities have consistently argued that the Marbles were removed illegally and should be returned to their rightful home. The Turkish decision undermines the British Museum's defense that the acquisition was lawful and aboveboard.

This development also highlights the broader issues of cultural heritage and the restitution of artifacts acquired during colonial times. Many countries are re-examining the provenance of their museum collections, and there is growing international support for the return of culturally significant items to their places of origin.

The annulment of the firman by Turkey marks a pivotal moment in the ongoing controversy over the Parthenon Marbles. It challenges the legal foundations of Elgin's actions and bolsters Greece's claims for their return. As the debate continues, this decision may lead to renewed discussions and potential resolutions regarding the rightful home of these invaluable artifacts.